Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 249
The companion of Hlakanyana threw his spoon away, but the cunning little fellow only pretended to throw his away.
Who acts: companion, cunning little fellow · What happens: throw away, pretend, throw · To what, where: spoon
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (companion, cunning little fellow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 companion | det |
| 2 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 threw | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 Hlakanyana | case |
| 4 | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 companion | nmod |
| 5 | threw | throw | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 spoon | nmod:poss |
| 7 | spoon | spoon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 threw | obj |
| 8 | away | away | ADV | _ | 5 threw | advmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 pretended | punct |
| 10 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 16 pretended | cc |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 fellow | det |
| 12 | cunning | cunning | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 fellow | amod |
| 13 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 fellow | amod |
| 14 | fellow | fellow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 pretended | nsubj |
| 15 | only | only | ADV | _ | 16 pretended | advmod |
| 16 | pretended | pretend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 threw | conj |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 throw | mark |
| 18 | throw | throw | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 pretended | xcomp |
| 19 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 away | nmod:poss |
| 20 | away | away | ADV | _ | 18 throw | advmod |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 threw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | throw away | past | the companion of Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana's spoon | away property | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spoon=Theme | |||
| 2 | pretend | past | the cunning little fellow | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | throw | to-infinitive | the cunning little fellow not said here | away property | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/249/