Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 255
They came to a certain place, and Hlakanyana said: “This is the place for throwing away izilanda” (awls used to make holes in skins when they are sewed together, and also for taking thorns out of the bare feet and legs of pedestrians).
Who acts: knives, Hlakanyana, This, place · What happens: come, say, be, throw away, use, make · To what, where: certain place, place, izilanda, awls, holes, skins · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (knives, Hlakanyana, This, place), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 came | nsubj |
| 2 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | to | to | ADP | _ | 6 place | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 place | det |
| 5 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 place | amod |
| 6 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 came | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 said | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 said | cc |
| 9 | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 said | nsubj |
| 10 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 came | parataxis |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 16 place | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 place | punct |
| 13 | This | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 16 place | nsubj |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 place | cop |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 place | det |
| 16 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 said | ccomp |
| 17 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 18 throwing | mark |
| 18 | throwing | throw | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 16 place | acl |
| 19 | away | away | ADV | _ | 18 throwing | advmod |
| 20 | izilanda | izilanda | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 throwing | obj |
| 21 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 place | punct |
| 22 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 23 awls | punct |
| 23 | awls | awl | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 place | conj |
| 24 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 awls | acl |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 make | mark |
| 26 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 used | advcl |
| 27 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 make | obj |
| 28 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 skins | case |
| 29 | skins | skin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 make | obl |
| 30 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 33 sewed | advmod |
| 31 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 sewed | nsubj |
| 32 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 sewed | aux:pass |
| 33 | sewed | sew | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 make | advcl |
| 34 | together | together | ADV | _ | 33 sewed | advmod |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 taking | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 taking | cc |
| 37 | also | also | ADV | _ | 39 taking | advmod |
| 38 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 39 taking | mark |
| 39 | taking | take | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 came | advcl |
| 40 | thorns | thorn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 taking | obj |
| 41 | out | out | ADP | _ | 45 feet | case |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 45 feet | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 feet | det |
| 44 | bare | bare | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 feet | amod |
| 45 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 taking | obl |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 legs | cc |
| 47 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 feet | conj |
| 48 | of | of | ADP | _ | 49 pedestrians | case |
| 49 | pedestrians | pedestrian | NOUN | Number=Plur | 47 legs | nmod |
| 50 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 39 taking | punct |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | knives = knife | a certain place | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to place=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | Hlakanyana | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | is a in a quote | present | This | the place and awls | awls conj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | throw away in a quote | gerund | the place and awls not said here | izilanda | away property | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent izilanda=Theme | |||
| 5 | use | participle | awls not said here | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | make | to-infinitive | holes | skins | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hole=Product | ||||
| 7 | sew | present · passive | knives = knife | together property | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 8 | take | gerund | knives = knife not said here | thorns | the bare feet and legs of pedestrians | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent thorn=Theme out foot=Initial_Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/255/