Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 370
He went under a big rock, and cried out loudly for help, saying the rock was falling.
Who acts: leopardess, rock · What happens: go, cry out, say, fall · To what, where: big rock · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leopardess, rock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 went | nsubj |
| 2 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | under | under | ADP | _ | 6 rock | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 rock | det |
| 5 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 rock | amod |
| 6 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 went | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 cried | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 cried | cc |
| 9 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 went | conj |
| 10 | out | out | ADP | _ | 9 cried | compound:prt |
| 11 | loudly | loudly | ADV | _ | 9 cried | advmod |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 help | case |
| 13 | help | help | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 cried | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 saying | punct |
| 15 | saying | say | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 cried | advcl |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 rock | det |
| 17 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 falling | nsubj |
| 18 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 falling | aux |
| 19 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 15 saying | ccomp |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 went | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past | leopardess | a big rock | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme under rock=Location | ||||
| 2 | cry out speech: express | past | leopardess not said here | for help; loudly property | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient S_INF»: agent=Agent for help=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | gerund | leopardess not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 4 | fall | past · progressive | the rock | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/370/