Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 418
The chief said: “Let a black ox be killed, but you must not break any of its bones, because it belongs to the daughter of a chief.”
Who acts: chief, black ox, you, ox · What happens: say, let, kill, not break, belong · To what, where: black ox, any · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chief, black ox, you, ox), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 chief | det |
| 2 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 said | nsubj |
| 3 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 6 Let | punct |
| 5 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 Let | punct |
| 6 | Let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 said | ccomp |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 ox | det |
| 8 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 ox | amod |
| 9 | ox | ox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 Let | obj |
| 10 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 11 killed | aux:pass |
| 11 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 Let | xcomp |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 break | punct |
| 13 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 17 break | cc |
| 14 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 17 break | nsubj |
| 15 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 17 break | aux |
| 16 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 17 break | advmod |
| 17 | break | break | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 Let | conj |
| 18 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 17 break | obj |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 21 bones | case |
| 20 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 bones | nmod:poss |
| 21 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 any | nmod |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 belongs | punct |
| 23 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 25 belongs | mark |
| 24 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 belongs | nsubj |
| 25 | belongs | belong | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 break | advcl |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 28 daughter | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 daughter | det |
| 28 | daughter | daughter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 belongs | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 chief | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 chief | det |
| 31 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 daughter | nmod |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 Let | punct |
| 33 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 Let | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | the chief | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | let in a quote | infinitive | a black ox | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | kill in a quote | infinitive · passive | a black ox not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» | |||||
| 4 | not break in a quote | must | you | any of ox's bones | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer any=Patient | ||||
| 5 | belong in a quote | present | ox | to the daughter of a chief | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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