Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 42
The chief just took him and trampled upon him, and threw him outside of the kraal, thinking that he was dead.
Who acts: chief · What happens: take, trample, throw, think, be · To what, where: father, chief, kraal · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 chief | det |
| 2 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 took | nsubj |
| 3 | just | just | ADV | _ | 4 took | advmod |
| 4 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 took | obj |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 trampled | cc |
| 7 | trampled | trample | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 took | conj |
| 8 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 9 him | case |
| 9 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 trampled | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 threw | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 threw | cc |
| 12 | threw | throw | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 took | conj |
| 13 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 threw | obj |
| 14 | outside | outside | ADP | _ | 17 kraal | case |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 kraal | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 kraal | det |
| 17 | kraal | kraal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 threw | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 thinking | punct |
| 19 | thinking | think | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 threw | advcl |
| 20 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 23 dead | mark |
| 21 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 dead | nsubj |
| 22 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 dead | cop |
| 23 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 thinking | ccomp |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 took | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take | past | the chief | father | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument he=Destination | ||||
| 2 | trample | past | the chief not said here | upon chief | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | throw | past | the chief not said here | chief | the kraal | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent he=Theme outside kraal=Destination | |||
| 4 | think speech: other | gerund | the chief not said here | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | is | past | chief | dead property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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