Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Demane and Demazana., sentence 18
His friend said: “You must burn your throat with a hot iron.”
Who acts: friend, You · What happens: say, burn · To what, where: throat · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friend, You), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 friend | nmod:poss |
| 2 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 said | nsubj |
| 3 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 burn | punct |
| 5 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 burn | punct |
| 6 | You | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 8 burn | nsubj |
| 7 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 8 burn | aux |
| 8 | burn | burn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 said | ccomp |
| 9 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 throat | nmod:poss |
| 10 | throat | throat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 burn | obj |
| 11 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 iron | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 iron | det |
| 13 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 iron | amod |
| 14 | iron | iron | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 burn | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 burn | punct |
| 16 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 burn | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | past | smelt's friend | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | burn in a quote | must | You | your throat | with a hot iron | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent throat=Patient with iron=Instrument |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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