Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Kenkebe., sentence 77
Thereupon the dog began to howl, and the eland saw how she had been deceived.
Who acts: dog, eland · What happens: begin, howl, see, deceive · To what, where: master · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Kenkebe.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dog, eland), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thereupon | thereupon | ADV | _ | 4 began | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 dog | det |
| 3 | dog | dog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 began | nsubj |
| 4 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | to | to | PART | _ | 6 howl | mark |
| 6 | howl | howl | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 began | xcomp |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 saw | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 saw | cc |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 eland | det |
| 10 | eland | eland | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 saw | nsubj |
| 11 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 began | conj |
| 12 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 16 deceived | advmod |
| 13 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 deceived | nsubj:pass |
| 14 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 deceived | aux |
| 15 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 16 deceived | aux:pass |
| 16 | deceived | deceive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 saw | ccomp |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 began | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | past | the dog | thereupon property | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | howl | to-infinitive | the dog not said here | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | see | past | the eland | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 4 | deceive | past · perfect · passive | master | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/19/77/