Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 196
The owner will say that it is perhaps the spirit of one of his ancestors who has come to visit him in this form.
Who acts: owner, ancestors · What happens: say, be, come, visit · To what, where: spirit, Kaffir, form · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (owner, ancestors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 owner | det |
| 2 | owner | owner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 say | nsubj |
| 3 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 say | aux |
| 4 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 10 spirit | mark |
| 6 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 spirit | nsubj |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 spirit | cop |
| 8 | perhaps | perhaps | ADV | _ | 10 spirit | advmod |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 spirit | det |
| 10 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 say | ccomp |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 one | case |
| 12 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 10 spirit | nmod |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 ancestors | case |
| 14 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 ancestors | nmod:poss |
| 15 | ancestors | ancestor | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 one | nmod |
| 16 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 come | nsubj |
| 17 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 come | aux |
| 18 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 15 ancestors | acl:relcl |
| 19 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 visit | mark |
| 20 | visit | visit | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 come | xcomp |
| 21 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 visit | obj |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 form | case |
| 23 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 24 form | det |
| 24 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 visit | obl |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 say | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | future | the owner | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a | present | owner | the spirit | of one of Kaffir's ancestors; perhaps property | tree rules | |||
| 3 | come | present · perfect | Kaffir's ancestors | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | visit | to-infinitive | Kaffir's ancestors not said here | Kaffir | this form | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Co-Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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