Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 212
The Kaffir smith, using a boulder for an anvil and a hammer of iron or stone, next proceeded to shape the lump of metal into an assagai head, an axe, a pick, or whatever was required.
Who acts: Kaffir smith · What happens: use, proceed, shape, require · To what, where: boulder, iron, lump, assagai head, Kaffir smith
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Kaffir smith), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 smith | det |
| 2 | Kaffir | Kaffir | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 smith | compound |
| 3 | smith | smith | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 required | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 using | punct |
| 5 | using | use | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 smith | acl |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 boulder | det |
| 7 | boulder | boulder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 using | obj |
| 8 | for | for | ADP | _ | 10 anvil | case |
| 9 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 anvil | det |
| 10 | anvil | anvil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 boulder | nmod |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 hammer | cc |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 hammer | det |
| 13 | hammer | hammer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 anvil | conj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 iron | case |
| 15 | iron | iron | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 hammer | nmod |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 17 stone | cc |
| 17 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 iron | conj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 proceeded | punct |
| 19 | next | next | ADV | _ | 20 proceeded | advmod |
| 20 | proceeded | proceed | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 iron | acl |
| 21 | to | to | PART | _ | 22 shape | mark |
| 22 | shape | shape | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 proceeded | xcomp |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 lump | det |
| 24 | lump | lump | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 shape | obj |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 metal | case |
| 26 | metal | metal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 lump | nmod |
| 27 | into | into | ADP | _ | 30 head | case |
| 28 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 head | det |
| 29 | assagai | assagai | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 head | compound |
| 30 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 shape | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 axe | punct |
| 32 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 axe | det |
| 33 | axe | axe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 boulder | conj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 pick | punct |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 pick | det |
| 36 | pick | pick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 boulder | conj |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 required | punct |
| 38 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 41 required | cc |
| 39 | whatever | whatever | PRON | PronType=Rel | 41 required | nsubj:pass |
| 40 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 41 required | aux:pass |
| 41 | required | require | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 41 required | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | gerund | the Kaffir smith not said here | a boulder and a axe and a pick | for a anvil and a hammer of iron or stone | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent boulder=Theme for anvil=Eventuality | |||
| 2 | proceed | participle | iron or stone not said here | next property | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | shape | to-infinitive | the lump of metal | a assagai head | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent lump=Material into head=Product | ||||
| 4 | require | past · passive | the Kaffir smith | whatever nsubj:pass | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Precondition |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/212/