Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 225
Skins for clothing are prepared by rubbing them for a length of time with grease, by which means they are made nearly as soft and pliable as cloth.
What happens: prepare, rub, mean, make · To what, where: Skins · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Skins | skin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 prepared | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | for | for | ADP | _ | 3 clothing | case |
| 3 | clothing | clothing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Skins | nmod |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 prepared | aux:pass |
| 5 | prepared | prepare | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 7 rubbing | mark |
| 7 | rubbing | rub | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 prepared | advcl |
| 8 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 rubbing | obj |
| 9 | for | for | ADP | _ | 11 length | case |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 length | det |
| 11 | length | length | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 rubbing | obl |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 time | case |
| 13 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 length | nmod |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 15 grease | case |
| 15 | grease | grease | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 time | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 means | punct |
| 17 | by | by | ADP | _ | 18 which | case |
| 18 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 19 means | nsubj |
| 19 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 prepared | parataxis |
| 20 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 made | nsubj |
| 21 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 made | aux:pass |
| 22 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 means | ccomp |
| 23 | nearly | nearly | ADV | _ | 25 soft | advmod |
| 24 | as | as | ADP | _ | 25 soft | case |
| 25 | soft | soft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 made | xcomp |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 pliable | cc |
| 27 | pliable | pliable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 soft | conj |
| 28 | as | as | ADP | _ | 29 cloth | case |
| 29 | cloth | cloth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 pliable | obl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 prepared | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | prepare | present · passive | Skins for clothing | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | |||||
| 2 | rub | gerund | skins = skin | for a length of time with grease | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent they=Theme | ||||
| 3 | mean | present | which nsubj | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 4 | make | present · passive | skins = skin | soft property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/225/