Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 64
Kaffir words are in most instances combined together to form sentences in such a way that they cannot be separated from each other as English words are.
Who acts: Kaffir words · What happens: be, combine, form, not separate · To what, where: most instances, sentences, way
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Kaffir words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kaffir | kaffir | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 words | compound |
| 2 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 instances | nsubj |
| 3 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 instances | cop |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 instances | case |
| 5 | most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 6 instances | amod |
| 6 | instances | instance | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 7 | combined | combine | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 instances | acl |
| 8 | together | together | ADV | _ | 7 combined | advmod |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 form | mark |
| 10 | form | form | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 combined | advcl |
| 11 | sentences | sentence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 form | obj |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 way | case |
| 13 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 15 way | det:predet |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 way | det |
| 15 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 form | obl |
| 16 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 21 separated | mark |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 separated | nsubj |
| 18 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 21 separated | aux |
| 19 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 21 separated | advmod |
| 20 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 21 separated | aux:pass |
| 21 | separated | separate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 way | acl |
| 22 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 each | case |
| 23 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 21 separated | obl |
| 24 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 each | fixed |
| 25 | as | as | ADP | _ | 27 words | case |
| 26 | English | English | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 words | amod |
| 27 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 separated | obl |
| 28 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 instances | cop |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 instances | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Kaffir words | most instances | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | combine | participle | most instances not said here | together property | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 3 | form | to-infinitive | sentences | such way | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location sentence=Theme | ||||
| 4 | not separate | can · passive | sentences = sentence | as English words; from each | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient from each=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/64/