Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Wonderful Horns., sentence 16
The boy took his horns, and went on walking till he came to a village where he found the people cooking a weed (called tyutu), having no other food to eat.
Who acts: boy, people, weed · What happens: take, go, come, find, cook, call · To what, where: horns, walking, village, people, weed, tyutu · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Wonderful Horns.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, people, weed), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 boy | det |
| 2 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 took | nsubj |
| 3 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 horns | nmod:poss |
| 5 | horns | horn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 took | obj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 went | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 went | cc |
| 8 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 took | conj |
| 9 | on | on | ADP | _ | 10 walking | case |
| 10 | walking | walking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 went | obl |
| 11 | till | till | SCONJ | _ | 13 came | mark |
| 12 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 came | nsubj |
| 13 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 went | advcl |
| 14 | to | to | ADP | _ | 16 village | case |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 village | det |
| 16 | village | village | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 came | obl |
| 17 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 19 found | advmod |
| 18 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 found | nsubj |
| 19 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 village | acl:relcl |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 people | det |
| 21 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 found | obj |
| 22 | cooking | cook | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 21 people | acl |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 weed | det |
| 24 | weed | weed | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 cooking | obj |
| 25 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 26 called | punct |
| 26 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 weed | acl |
| 27 | tyutu | tyutu | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 called | xcomp |
| 28 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 26 called | punct |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 having | punct |
| 30 | having | have | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 22 cooking | conj |
| 31 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 33 food | det |
| 32 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 food | amod |
| 33 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 having | obj |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 eat | mark |
| 35 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 food | acl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 took | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take | past | the boy | boy's horns | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Theme | ||||
| 2 | go | past | the boy not said here | walking | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on walking=Location | ||||
| 3 | come | past | boy | a village | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to village=Initial_Location | ||||
| 4 | find | past | boy | the people | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Topic | ||||
| 5 | cook | gerund | the people not said here | a weed | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent weed=Patient | ||||
| 6 | call | participle | a weed not said here | tyutu | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | have | gerund | the people not said here | no other food | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient | ||||
| 8 | eat | to-infinitive | the people not said here | no other food not said here | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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