Kaffir folk-lore, Story of Lion and Little Jackal., sentence 47
He ran under an overhanging rock and sang out: “Help! help! this rock is falling upon me!”
Who acts: Jackal, Help · What happens: run, overhang, sing out, fall · To what, where: overhanging rock · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Lion and Little Jackal.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jackal, Help), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 ran | nsubj |
| 2 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | under | under | ADP | _ | 6 rock | case |
| 4 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 rock | det |
| 5 | overhanging | overhang | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 6 rock | amod |
| 6 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 ran | obl |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 sang | cc |
| 8 | sang | sing | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 ran | conj |
| 9 | out | out | ADP | _ | 8 sang | compound:prt |
| 10 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 19 falling | punct |
| 11 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 Help | punct |
| 12 | Help | help | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 falling | nsubj |
| 13 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 14 help | punct |
| 14 | help | help | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 Help | appos |
| 15 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 14 help | punct |
| 16 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 17 rock | det |
| 17 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 falling | nsubj |
| 18 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 falling | aux |
| 19 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 ran | advcl |
| 20 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 21 me | case |
| 21 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 19 falling | obl |
| 22 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 19 falling | punct |
| 23 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 ran | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | run | past | Jackal | a overhanging rock | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under rock=Trajectory | ||||
| 2 | overhang | gerund | vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | sing out speech: express | past | Jackal not said here | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | fall in a quote | present · progressive | Help | upon Jackal; this rock nsubj | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon i=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/25/47/