Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 118
Nkele (the lefthanded), or Makana, one of the most remarkable men that Kaffirland has produced, rose by his own merits from a private station to be the leader of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century.
Who acts: Nkele · What happens: lefthand, produce, rise, be · To what, where: Nkele, remarkable men, private station, leader
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nkele), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nkele | Nkele | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 rose | nsubj |
| 2 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 4 lefthanded | punct |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 lefthanded | det |
| 4 | lefthanded | lefthand | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 1 Nkele | acl |
| 5 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 4 lefthanded | punct |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 one | punct |
| 7 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 10 one | cc |
| 8 | Makana | Makana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 one | nsubj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 one | punct |
| 10 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 1 Nkele | list |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 men | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 men | det |
| 13 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 14 remarkable | advmod |
| 14 | remarkable | remarkable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 men | amod |
| 15 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 one | nmod |
| 16 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 19 produced | nsubj:pass |
| 17 | Kaffirland | Kaffirland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 produced | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 produced | aux |
| 19 | produced | produce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 men | acl:relcl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Nkele | punct |
| 21 | rose | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 22 | by | by | ADP | _ | 25 merits | case |
| 23 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 merits | nmod:poss |
| 24 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 merits | amod |
| 25 | merits | merit | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 rose | obl |
| 26 | from | from | ADP | _ | 29 station | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 station | det |
| 28 | private | private | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 station | amod |
| 29 | station | station | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 rose | obl |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 33 leader | mark |
| 31 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 33 leader | cop |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 leader | det |
| 33 | leader | leader | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 rose | advcl |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 37 clans | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 clans | det |
| 36 | Ndlambe | Ndlambe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 clans | compound |
| 37 | clans | clan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 leader | nmod |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 decade | case |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 decade | det |
| 40 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 41 decade | amod |
| 41 | decade | decade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 clans | nmod |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 century | case |
| 43 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 44 century | det |
| 44 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 decade | nmod |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 21 rose | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lefthand | participle | Nkele not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | produce | present · perfect · passive | the remarkable men | Kaffirland nsubj:pass | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result | ||||
| 3 | rise | past | Nkele | a private station | by Nkele's own merits | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient by merit=Extent from station=Initial_State | |||
| 4 | is a | to-infinitive | Nkele not said here | the leader | of the Ndlambe clans in the second decade of this century | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/26/118/