Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 162
This saying is used as a warning to any one who is following a course that must lead to ruin.
Who acts: one, course · What happens: use, follow, lead, ruin · To what, where: saying, course
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one, course), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 saying | det |
| 2 | saying | saying | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 used | aux:pass |
| 4 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | as | as | ADP | _ | 7 warning | case |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 warning | det |
| 7 | warning | warning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 used | obl |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 one | case |
| 9 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 10 one | det |
| 10 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 warning | nmod |
| 11 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 following | nsubj |
| 12 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 following | aux |
| 13 | following | follow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 one | acl:relcl |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 course | det |
| 15 | course | course | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 following | obj |
| 16 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 lead | nsubj |
| 17 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 18 lead | aux |
| 18 | lead | lead | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 course | acl:relcl |
| 19 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 ruin | mark |
| 20 | ruin | ruin | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 lead | xcomp |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 used | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present · passive | this saying | as a warning to any one | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as warning=Attribute | ||||
| 2 | follow | present · progressive | any one | a course | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent course=Theme | ||||
| 3 | lead | must | a course | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Result | |||||
| 4 | ruin | to-infinitive | a course not said here | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/26/162/