Kaffir folk-lore, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions., sentence 217
This awakened the bushman who had advised that he should be killed; he now sprang to his feet and escaped, calling out as he ran with the speed of the wind: “I said this Guluwe of the Khakhabays should be destroyed; you who are dead have perished through not following my advice.”
Who acts: This, Guluwe · What happens: awaken, advise, kill, spring, escape, call out · To what, where: bushman, Guluwe, feet, you, advice · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Proverbs and Figurative Expressions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (This, Guluwe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 awakened | nsubj |
| 2 | awakened | awaken | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 bushman | det |
| 4 | bushman | bushman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 awakened | obj |
| 5 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 advised | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 advised | aux |
| 7 | advised | advise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 bushman | acl:relcl |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 12 killed | mark |
| 9 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 killed | nsubj:pass |
| 10 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 killed | aux |
| 11 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 killed | aux:pass |
| 12 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 advised | ccomp |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 sprang | punct |
| 14 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 sprang | nsubj |
| 15 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 16 sprang | advmod |
| 16 | sprang | spring | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 awakened | parataxis |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 19 feet | case |
| 18 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 feet | nmod:poss |
| 19 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 sprang | obl |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 escaped | cc |
| 21 | escaped | escape | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 sprang | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 calling | punct |
| 23 | calling | call | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 21 escaped | advcl |
| 24 | out | out | ADP | _ | 23 calling | compound:prt |
| 25 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 27 ran | mark |
| 26 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 ran | nsubj |
| 27 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 calling | advcl |
| 28 | with | with | ADP | _ | 30 speed | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 speed | det |
| 30 | speed | speed | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 ran | obl |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 wind | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 wind | det |
| 33 | wind | wind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 speed | nmod |
| 34 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 37 said | punct |
| 35 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 37 said | punct |
| 36 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 37 said | nsubj |
| 37 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 sprang | conj |
| 38 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 39 Guluwe | det |
| 39 | Guluwe | Guluwe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 45 destroyed | nsubj:pass |
| 40 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 Khakhabays | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 Khakhabays | det |
| 42 | Khakhabays | Khakhabay | PROPN | Number=Plur | 39 Guluwe | nmod |
| 43 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 45 destroyed | aux |
| 44 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 45 destroyed | aux:pass |
| 45 | destroyed | destroy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 said | ccomp |
| 46 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 52 perished | punct |
| 47 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 52 perished | nsubj:pass |
| 48 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 50 dead | nsubj |
| 49 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 50 dead | cop |
| 50 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 you | acl:relcl |
| 51 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 52 perished | aux |
| 52 | perished | perish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 awakened | parataxis |
| 53 | through | through | ADP | _ | 55 following | case |
| 54 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 55 following | advmod |
| 55 | following | follow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 52 perished | obl |
| 56 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 57 advice | nmod:poss |
| 57 | advice | advice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 following | obj |
| 58 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 52 perished | punct |
| 59 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 awakened | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | awaken | past | This | the bushman | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | advise speech: other | past · perfect · passive | the bushman | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient that S»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | kill | should · passive | Guluwe | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 4 | spring | past | Guluwe | Guluwe's feet | now | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to foot=Destination | |||
| 5 | escape | past | Guluwe not said here | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | call out speech: assert | gerund | Guluwe not said here | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | run | past | Guluwe | with the speed of the wind | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent with speed=Material | ||||
| 8 | say speech: assert in a quote | past | Guluwe | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 9 | destroy in a quote | should · passive | this Guluwe of the Khakhabays | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | |||||
| 10 | is in a quote | present | who nsubj; dead property | tree rules | |||||
| 11 | perish in a quote | present · perfect · passive | you | tree rules | |||||
| 12 | not follow in a quote | gerund | my advice | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent advice=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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