Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 10
It was of nearly the same shape as a European hoe; but in place of having an eye, into which a handle could be fastened, it was made with a top like a spike, which was driven into the large knob of a long and heavy club.
Who acts: implement, place · What happens: be, have, fasten, make, drive · To what, where: eye, handle, implement, spike, large knob
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (implement, place), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 shape | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 shape | cop |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 shape | case |
| 4 | nearly | nearly | ADV | _ | 7 shape | advmod |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 shape | det |
| 6 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 shape | amod |
| 7 | shape | shape | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 8 | as | as | ADP | _ | 11 hoe | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 hoe | det |
| 10 | European | European | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 hoe | amod |
| 11 | hoe | hoe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 shape | nmod |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 place | punct |
| 13 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 15 place | cc |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 place | case |
| 15 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 shape | conj |
| 16 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 17 having | mark |
| 17 | having | have | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 15 place | acl |
| 18 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 eye | det |
| 19 | eye | eye | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 having | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 fastened | punct |
| 21 | into | into | ADP | _ | 22 which | case |
| 22 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 27 fastened | obl |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 handle | det |
| 24 | handle | handle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 fastened | nsubj:pass |
| 25 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 27 fastened | aux |
| 26 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 27 fastened | aux:pass |
| 27 | fastened | fasten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 having | advcl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 made | punct |
| 29 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 31 made | nsubj:pass |
| 30 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 31 made | aux:pass |
| 31 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 fastened | advcl |
| 32 | with | with | ADP | _ | 34 top | case |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 top | det |
| 34 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 made | obl |
| 35 | like | like | ADP | _ | 37 spike | case |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 spike | det |
| 37 | spike | spike | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 made | obl |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 driven | punct |
| 39 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 41 driven | nsubj:pass |
| 40 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 41 driven | aux:pass |
| 41 | driven | drive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 spike | acl:relcl |
| 42 | into | into | ADP | _ | 45 knob | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 knob | det |
| 44 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 knob | amod |
| 45 | knob | knob | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 driven | obl |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 51 club | case |
| 47 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 51 club | det |
| 48 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 club | amod |
| 49 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 heavy | cc |
| 50 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 48 long | conj |
| 51 | club | club | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 knob | nmod |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 shape | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | implement | of the same shape but place; as a European hoe; place conj; nearly property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | have | gerund | place not said here | a eye | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient | ||||
| 3 | fasten | could · passive | a handle | which obl | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Patient into which=Co-Patient | ||||
| 4 | make | past · passive | implement | with a top; like a spike | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 5 | drive | past · passive | a spike | the large knob of a long club | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme into knob=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/27/10/