Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 40
This one conceals the toy in either of his hands, and throwing both arms out against an opponent he announces himself either as an Inhlangano (one who meets), or an Ipambo (one who evades).
Who acts: one, few · What happens: conceal, throw out, announce, meet, evade · To what, where: toy, either, arms, opponent, few · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one, few), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 one | det |
| 2 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 conceals | nsubj |
| 3 | conceals | conceal | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 toy | det |
| 5 | toy | toy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 conceals | obj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 either | case |
| 7 | either | either | DET | PronType=Ind | 3 conceals | obl |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 hands | case |
| 9 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 hands | nmod:poss |
| 10 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 either | nmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 announces | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 announces | cc |
| 13 | throwing | throw | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 21 announces | csubj |
| 14 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 15 arms | det |
| 15 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 throwing | obj |
| 16 | out | out | ADV | _ | 13 throwing | advmod |
| 17 | against | against | ADP | _ | 19 opponent | case |
| 18 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 opponent | det |
| 19 | opponent | opponent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 throwing | obl |
| 20 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 announces | nsubj |
| 21 | announces | announce | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 conceals | conj |
| 22 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 21 announces | obj |
| 23 | either | either | ADV | PronType=Ind | 28 one | advmod |
| 24 | as | as | ADP | _ | 28 one | case |
| 25 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 one | det |
| 26 | Inhlangano | Inhlangano | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 one | nsubj |
| 27 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 28 one | punct |
| 28 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 30 meets | nsubj |
| 29 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 30 meets | nsubj |
| 30 | meets | meet | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 announces | parataxis |
| 31 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 30 meets | punct |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 one | punct |
| 33 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 37 one | cc |
| 34 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 Ipambo | det |
| 35 | Ipambo | Ipambo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 one | nsubj |
| 36 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 37 one | punct |
| 37 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 30 meets | conj |
| 38 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 39 evades | nsubj |
| 39 | evades | evade | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 one | acl:relcl |
| 40 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 39 evades | punct |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 conceals | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | conceal | present | this one | the toy | either of few's hands | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent toy=Patient in either=Location | |||
| 2 | throw out | gerund | both arms | a opponent | out property | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent arm=Theme against opponent=Destination | |||
| 3 | announce speech: other | present | few | few | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Theme | ||||
| 4 | meet | present | a one Inhlangano | who nsubj | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | evade | present | who nsubj | vn avoid-52 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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