Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 42
The clenched hands are then opened, and if the toys are found to meet, the first player wins if he has called himself an inhlangano, or loses if an ipambo.
Who acts: toys, first player, hand · What happens: clench, open, find, meet, win, call · To what, where: clenched hands, toys, hand, ipambo · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (toys, first player, hand), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 hands | det |
| 2 | clenched | clench | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 hands | amod |
| 3 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 opened | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 opened | aux:pass |
| 5 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 6 opened | advmod |
| 6 | opened | open | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 found | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 found | cc |
| 9 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 13 found | mark |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 toys | det |
| 11 | toys | toy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 found | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 found | aux:pass |
| 13 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 opened | parataxis |
| 14 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 meet | mark |
| 15 | meet | meet | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 found | xcomp |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 wins | punct |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 player | det |
| 18 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 19 player | amod |
| 19 | player | player | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 wins | nsubj |
| 20 | wins | win | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 opened | conj |
| 21 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 24 called | mark |
| 22 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 called | nsubj |
| 23 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 called | aux |
| 24 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 20 wins | advcl |
| 25 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 24 called | obj |
| 26 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 inhlangano | det |
| 27 | inhlangano | inhlangano | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 called | xcomp |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 loses | punct |
| 29 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 30 loses | cc |
| 30 | loses | lose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 wins | conj |
| 31 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 33 ipambo | mark |
| 32 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 ipambo | det |
| 33 | ipambo | ipambo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 loses | xcomp |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 opened | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | clench | participle | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | open | present · passive | the clenched hands | then | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 3 | find a condition, not said to happen | present · passive | the toys | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 4 | meet | to-infinitive | the toys not said here | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | win | present | the first player | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | call a condition, not said to happen | present · perfect | hand | hand | a inhlangano xcomp | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent himself=Recipient | |||
| 7 | lose | present | the first player not said here | a ipambo | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/32/42/