Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 46
Those two then play against each other, and the one who is beaten is said to be left with the umnyadala, and is laughed at.
Who acts: Those · What happens: play, beat, say, leave, laugh · To what, where: one · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Those), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Those | that | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 4 play | nsubj |
| 2 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 1 Those | appos |
| 3 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 4 play | advmod |
| 4 | play | play | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | against | against | ADP | _ | 6 each | case |
| 6 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 4 play | obl |
| 7 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 each | fixed |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 said | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 said | cc |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 one | det |
| 11 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 said | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 14 beaten | nsubj |
| 13 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 beaten | aux:pass |
| 14 | beaten | beat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 one | acl:relcl |
| 15 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 said | aux:pass |
| 16 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 play | parataxis |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 19 left | mark |
| 18 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 19 left | aux:pass |
| 19 | left | leave | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 said | xcomp |
| 20 | with | with | ADP | _ | 22 umnyadala | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 umnyadala | det |
| 22 | umnyadala | umnyadala | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 left | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 laughed | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 laughed | cc |
| 25 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 laughed | aux:pass |
| 26 | laughed | laugh | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 play | parataxis |
| 27 | at | at | ADP | _ | 26 laughed | obl |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 play | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | play | present | Those | then | against each | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | beat | present · passive | the one | vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | present · passive | the one | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | leave | to-infinitive · passive | with the umnyadala | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: with umnyadala=Theme | |||||
| 5 | laugh | present · passive | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/32/46/