Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., sentence 19
He heard this repeated twice, and, without looking to see what was crying, he ran home and told the chief.
Who acts: man, this · What happens: hear, repeat, look, see, cry, run · To what, where: this, chief · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (man, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 heard | nsubj |
| 2 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 heard | obj |
| 4 | repeated | repeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 heard | xcomp |
| 5 | twice | twice | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 4 repeated | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 ran | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 ran | cc |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 and | punct |
| 9 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 10 looking | mark |
| 10 | looking | look | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 18 ran | advcl |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 see | mark |
| 12 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 looking | xcomp |
| 13 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 15 crying | nsubj |
| 14 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 crying | aux |
| 15 | crying | cry | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 see | ccomp |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 looking | punct |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 ran | nsubj |
| 18 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 heard | parataxis |
| 19 | home | home | ADV | _ | 18 ran | advmod |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 told | cc |
| 21 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 ran | conj |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 chief | det |
| 23 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 told | iobj |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 heard | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hear | past | man | this | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | repeat | participle | this not said here | twice property | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | look | gerund | man not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | see | to-infinitive | man not said here | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | cry speech: express | past · progressive | what nsubj | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | run | past | man | home property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 7 | tell speech: assert | past | man not said here | the chief | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent chief=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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