Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., sentence 28
To their amazement, the milk rose, and rose, and rose, higher and still higher, till at last it stood up out of the ground like a great overhanging rock.
Who acts: milk, others · What happens: rise, stand up, overhang, amaze · To what, where: amazement, last
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (milk, others), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | To | to | ADP | _ | 3 amazement | case |
| 2 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 3 amazement | nmod:poss |
| 3 | amazement | amazement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 rose | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 amazement | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 milk | det |
| 6 | milk | milk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 rose | nsubj |
| 7 | rose | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 rose | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 rose | cc |
| 10 | rose | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 rose | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 rose | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 rose | cc |
| 13 | rose | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 rose | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 higher | punct |
| 15 | higher | high | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 13 rose | parataxis |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 higher | cc |
| 17 | still | still | ADV | _ | 18 higher | advmod |
| 18 | higher | high | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 15 higher | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 stood | punct |
| 20 | till | till | SCONJ | _ | 24 stood | mark |
| 21 | at | at | ADP | _ | 22 last | case |
| 22 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 stood | obl |
| 23 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 stood | nsubj |
| 24 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 rose | conj |
| 25 | up | up | ADP | _ | 24 stood | compound:prt |
| 26 | out | out | ADP | _ | 29 ground | case |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 ground | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 ground | det |
| 29 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 stood | obl |
| 30 | like | like | ADP | _ | 34 rock | case |
| 31 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 rock | det |
| 32 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 rock | amod |
| 33 | overhanging | overhang | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 34 rock | amod |
| 34 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 stood | obl |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 rose | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rise | past | the milk | others's amazement | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to amazement=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | rise | past | the milk not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | rise | past | the milk not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | stand up | past | milk | last | out the ground; like a great overhanging rock | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at last=Location | |||
| 5 | overhang | gerund | vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | amaze | others = other | nom amazement «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/7/28/