Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., sentence 6
But by-and-by one of them commenced to sing these words:
Who acts: one · What happens: commence, sing · To what, where: words
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 10 commenced | cc |
| 2 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 one | case |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 7 one | punct |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 one | cc |
| 5 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 4 and | punct |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 one | case |
| 7 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 10 commenced | nsubj |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 them | case |
| 9 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 one | nmod |
| 10 | commenced | commence | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 sing | mark |
| 12 | sing | sing | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 commenced | xcomp |
| 13 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 14 words | det |
| 14 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 sing | obj |
| 15 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 commenced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | commence | past | one of companions | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | sing speech: express | to-infinitive | one of companions not said here | this words | vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location word=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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