Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 33
Then the boy awakened his companions, and told them what he had heard.
Who acts: boy, chief · What happens: awaken, tell, hear · To what, where: companions · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 4 awakened | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 boy | det |
| 3 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 awakened | nsubj |
| 4 | awakened | awaken | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 companions | nmod:poss |
| 6 | companions | companion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 awakened | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 told | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 told | cc |
| 9 | told | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 awakened | conj |
| 10 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 told | iobj |
| 11 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 14 heard | obj |
| 12 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 heard | nsubj |
| 13 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 heard | aux |
| 14 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 told | ccomp |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 awakened | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | awaken | past | the boy | chief's companions | then | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location companion=Theme | |||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | past | the boy not said here | companions = companion | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | hear | past · perfect | chief | what obj | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/9/33/