Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 55
The old woman gave him some fat, and said: “If the cannibals pursue you, put some of this on a stone.”
Who acts: old woman, cannibals · What happens: give, say, pursue, put · To what, where: fat, cannibal, you, some, stone · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old woman, cannibals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 woman | det |
| 2 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 woman | amod |
| 3 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 gave | nsubj |
| 4 | gave | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 gave | iobj |
| 6 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 7 fat | det |
| 7 | fat | fat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 gave | obj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 said | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 said | cc |
| 10 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 gave | conj |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 19 put | punct |
| 12 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 put | punct |
| 13 | If | if | SCONJ | _ | 16 pursue | mark |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 cannibals | det |
| 15 | cannibals | cannibal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 pursue | nsubj |
| 16 | pursue | pursue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 put | advcl |
| 17 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 16 pursue | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 pursue | punct |
| 19 | put | put | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 said | ccomp |
| 20 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 19 put | obj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 this | case |
| 22 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 20 some | nmod |
| 23 | on | on | ADP | _ | 25 stone | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 stone | det |
| 25 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 put | obl |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 put | punct |
| 27 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 put | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | past | the old woman | some fat | cannibal | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient fat=Theme | |||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | the old woman not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | pursue a condition, not said to happen, in a quote | present | the cannibals | you | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme | ||||
| 4 | put in a quote | infinitive | some of this | a stone | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent some=Theme on stone=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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