Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indian At Home, sentence 31
The Indian pony or cayuse sometimes carries a load under which a donkey could hardly move; but he takes his own gait, and keeps it too.
Who acts: Indian pony, donkey, pony · What happens: carry, move, take, keep · To what, where: load, own gait, gait
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian At Home. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian pony, donkey, pony), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 pony | det |
| 2 | Indian | Indian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 pony | amod |
| 3 | pony | pony | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 carries | nsubj |
| 4 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 5 cayuse | cc |
| 5 | cayuse | cayuse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 pony | conj |
| 6 | sometimes | sometimes | ADV | PronType=Ind | 7 carries | advmod |
| 7 | carries | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 load | det |
| 9 | load | load | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 carries | obj |
| 10 | under | under | ADP | _ | 11 which | case |
| 11 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 move | obl |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 donkey | det |
| 13 | donkey | donkey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 move | nsubj |
| 14 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 16 move | aux |
| 15 | hardly | hardly | ADV | _ | 16 move | advmod |
| 16 | move | move | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 carries | parataxis |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 takes | punct |
| 18 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 20 takes | cc |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 takes | nsubj |
| 20 | takes | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 carries | parataxis |
| 21 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 gait | nmod:poss |
| 22 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 gait | amod |
| 23 | gait | gait | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 takes | obj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 keeps | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 keeps | cc |
| 26 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 takes | conj |
| 27 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 keeps | obj |
| 28 | too | too | ADV | _ | 26 keeps | advmod |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 carries | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | carry | present | the Indian pony or cayuse | a load | sometimes property | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme | |||
| 2 | move | could | a donkey | which obl; hardly property | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme under which=Trajectory | ||||
| 3 | take | present | pony | pony's own gait | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gait=Theme | ||||
| 4 | keep | present | pony not said here | gait | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/13/31/