Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock, sentence 19
The Dakotas believe that Toonkan, the oldest of all the gods, lives in stone.
Who acts: Dakotas, Toonkan · What happens: believe, live · To what, where: stone · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, Toonkan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 Dakotas | det |
| 2 | Dakotas | dakota | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 believe | nsubj |
| 3 | believe | believe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 14 lives | mark |
| 5 | Toonkan | Toonkan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 lives | nsubj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 oldest | punct |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 oldest | det |
| 8 | oldest | old | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 5 Toonkan | appos |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 gods | case |
| 10 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 12 gods | det:predet |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 gods | det |
| 12 | gods | god | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 oldest | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 Toonkan | punct |
| 14 | lives | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 believe | ccomp |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 stone | case |
| 16 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 lives | obl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 believe | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | present | the Dakotas | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 2 | live | present | Toonkan | stone | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in stone=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/19/