Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 22
He caught the boat before it was dashed to pieces on the rocks, and carried White Cloud to his cave behind the falling waters.
Who acts: Hinun · What happens: catch, dash, carry, fall · To what, where: boat, White Cloud, falling waters
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hinun), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 caught | nsubj |
| 2 | caught | catch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 boat | det |
| 4 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 caught | obj |
| 5 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 8 dashed | mark |
| 6 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 dashed | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 dashed | aux:pass |
| 8 | dashed | dash | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 caught | advcl |
| 9 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 pieces | case |
| 10 | pieces | piece | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 dashed | obl |
| 11 | on | on | ADP | _ | 13 rocks | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 rocks | det |
| 13 | rocks | rock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 pieces | nmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 carried | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 carried | cc |
| 16 | carried | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 caught | conj |
| 17 | White | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 Cloud | amod |
| 18 | Cloud | Cloud | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 carried | obj |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 cave | case |
| 20 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 cave | nmod:poss |
| 21 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 carried | obl |
| 22 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 25 waters | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 waters | det |
| 24 | falling | fall | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 waters | amod |
| 25 | waters | water | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 carried | obl |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 caught | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | catch | past | Hinun | the boat | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boat=Theme | ||||
| 2 | dash | past · passive | boat | to pieces on the rocks result | vn hit-18.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: subject=Patient to piece=Result | ||||
| 3 | carry | past | Hinun not said here | White Cloud | the falling waters | to Hinun's cave | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cloud=Theme to cave=Destination | ||
| 4 | fall | gerund | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/41/22/