Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 26
There was an evil spirit under the ground on which her people lived.
Who acts: evil spirit, people · What happens: be, live · To what, where: ground
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (evil spirit, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | There | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 2 was | expl |
| 2 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 spirit | det |
| 4 | evil | evil | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 spirit | amod |
| 5 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 was | nsubj |
| 6 | under | under | ADP | _ | 8 ground | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 ground | det |
| 8 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 was | obl |
| 9 | on | on | ADP | _ | 10 which | case |
| 10 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 lived | obl |
| 11 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 people | nmod:poss |
| 12 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 lived | nsubj |
| 13 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 ground | acl:relcl |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 was | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | be | past | a evil spirit | the ground; there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under ground=Location | ||||
| 2 | live | past | spirit's people | the ground | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on which=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/41/26/