Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 22
There had been much rain, and the river was wide and deep.
Who acts: river · What happens: have, be · To what, where: much rain
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (river), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | There | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 2 had | expl |
| 2 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 rain | cop |
| 4 | much | much | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 rain | amod |
| 5 | rain | rain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 had | obj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 wide | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 wide | cc |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 river | det |
| 9 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 wide | nsubj |
| 10 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 wide | cop |
| 11 | wide | wide | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 had | parataxis |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 deep | cc |
| 13 | deep | deep | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 wide | conj |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 had | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | there | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a | participle | much rain | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | is | past | the river | wide property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | be | the river not said here | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/46/22/