Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech, sentence 18

The shadows of darkness were before him, and the clouds and coldness of the night fell upon his track.

Who acts: shadows, clouds · What happens: be, fall, shadow · To what, where: track, darkness

This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shadows, clouds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 shadows	det
2	shadows	shadow	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 him	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 darkness	case
4	darkness	darkness	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 shadows	nmod
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 him	cop
6	before	before	ADP	_	7 him	case
7	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 fell	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 fell	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 fell	cc
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 clouds	det
11	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 fell	nsubj
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 coldness	cc
13	coldness	coldness	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 clouds	conj
14	of	of	ADP	_	16 night	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 night	det
16	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 coldness	nmod
17	fell	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
18	upon	upon	ADP	_	20 track	case
19	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	20 track	nmod:poss
20	track	track	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 fell	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	17 fell	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	is	past	the shadows of darkness			before Spirit	tree rules
2	fall	past	the clouds and coldness of the night		Spirit's track		vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon track=Location
3	shadow			darkness			nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/47/18/

🌲 Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech, sentence 18

The tree

Pragmatics

Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech, sentence 18