Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech, sentence 23
His step was like the buffalo that has been shot.
Who acts: step, eye · What happens: be, shoot, step · To what, where: buffalo
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXII. an Indian Temperance Speech. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (step, eye), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 step | nmod:poss |
| 2 | step | step | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 buffalo | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 buffalo | cop |
| 4 | like | like | ADP | _ | 6 buffalo | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 buffalo | det |
| 6 | buffalo | buffalo | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 shot | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 shot | aux |
| 9 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 10 shot | aux:pass |
| 10 | shot | shoot | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 buffalo | acl:relcl |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 buffalo | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | eye's step | like the buffalo | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | shoot | present · perfect · passive | the buffalo | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 3 | step | eye | nom step «act transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/47/23/