Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 25

Birds sang in the trees; all signs showed him that he was on the right trail, for he had heard his tribe tell of these things.

Who acts: Birds, signs, snow · What happens: sing, show, be, hear · To what, where: trees, snow, right trail, tribe tell · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Birds, signs, snow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 sang	nsubj
2	sang	sing	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 trees	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 trees	det
5	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 sang	obl
6	;	;	PUNCT	_	9 showed	punct
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 signs	det
8	signs	sign	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 showed	nsubj
9	showed	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 sang	conj
10	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 showed	iobj
11	that	that	SCONJ	_	17 trail	mark
12	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 trail	nsubj
13	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 trail	cop
14	on	on	ADP	_	17 trail	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 trail	det
16	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 trail	amod
17	trail	trail	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 showed	ccomp
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 heard	punct
19	for	for	ADP	_	22 heard	case
20	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 heard	nsubj
21	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	22 heard	aux
22	heard	hear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	9 showed	conj
23	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	25 tell	nmod:poss
24	tribe	tribe	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 tell	compound
25	tell	tell	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 heard	obj
26	of	of	ADP	_	28 things	case
27	these	this	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	28 things	det
28	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 tell	nmod
29	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 sang	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	roles by
1	sing speech: express	past	Birds			the trees	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in tree=Location
2	show	past	all signs		snow		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient
3	is	past	snow			the right trail	tree rules
4	hear	past · perfect	snow	snow's tribe tell of this things			vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer tell=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/49/25/

🌲 Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 25

The tree

Pragmatics

Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 25