Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 9
He had heard his people say that there was a path that led to the Happy Land of Souls.
Who acts: peace, people, path · What happens: hear, say, be, lead · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (peace, people, path), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 heard | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 heard | aux |
| 3 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 4 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 people | nmod:poss |
| 5 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 say | nsubj |
| 6 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 heard | parataxis |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 9 was | mark |
| 8 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 9 was | expl |
| 9 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 say | ccomp |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 path | det |
| 11 | path | path | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 was | nsubj |
| 12 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 led | nsubj |
| 13 | led | lead | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 path | acl:relcl |
| 14 | to | to | ADP | _ | 17 Land | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 Land | det |
| 16 | Happy | happy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 Land | amod |
| 17 | Land | Land | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 led | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 Souls | case |
| 19 | Souls | Soul | PROPN | Number=Plur | 17 Land | nmod |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 heard | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hear | past · perfect | peace | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | present | peace's people | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | be | past | a path | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | lead | past | a path | to the Happy Land of Souls | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to land=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/49/9/