Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Books in the Indian Language, sentence 4
Their teepees were covered with histories of the battles their owners had fought, but they had no books of “talking leaves.”
Who acts: battles, owners · What happens: cover, fight, have, talk · To what, where: teepees, owners, books
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Books in the Indian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (battles, owners), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 teepees | nmod:poss |
| 2 | teepees | teepee | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 covered | aux:pass |
| 4 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | with | with | ADP | _ | 6 histories | case |
| 6 | histories | history | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 covered | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 battles | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 battles | det |
| 9 | battles | battle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 histories | nmod |
| 10 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 owners | nmod:poss |
| 11 | owners | owner | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 fought | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 fought | aux |
| 13 | fought | fight | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 battles | acl:relcl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 had | punct |
| 15 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 17 had | cc |
| 16 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 had | nsubj |
| 17 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 covered | conj |
| 18 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 19 books | det |
| 19 | books | book | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 had | obj |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 leaves | case |
| 21 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 23 leaves | punct |
| 22 | talking | talk | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 23 leaves | amod |
| 23 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 books | nmod |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 covered | punct |
| 25 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 covered | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cover | past · passive | languages's teepees | with histories of the battles | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with history=Theme | ||||
| 2 | fight | past · perfect · passive | the battles not said here | languages's owners | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Agent | ||||
| 3 | have | past | owners = owner | no books of talking leaves | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Patient | ||||
| 4 | talk in a quote | gerund | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/5/4/