Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXVI. the North Star, sentence 4
The hunters had nothing to eat; they had no water, for there was none; they were lost in the thick forest.
Who acts: hunters, none · What happens: have, eat, be, lose · To what, where: nothing, water, hunters, thick forest
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXVI. the North Star. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hunters, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 hunters | det |
| 2 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 had | nsubj |
| 3 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 3 had | obj |
| 5 | to | to | PART | _ | 6 eat | mark |
| 6 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 nothing | acl |
| 7 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 9 had | punct |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 had | nsubj |
| 9 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 had | conj |
| 10 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 11 water | det |
| 11 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 had | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 was | punct |
| 13 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 15 was | mark |
| 14 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 15 was | expl |
| 15 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 had | parataxis |
| 16 | none | none | PRON | PronType=Neg | 15 was | nsubj |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 lost | punct |
| 18 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 lost | nsubj |
| 19 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 lost | aux:pass |
| 20 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 had | conj |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 forest | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 forest | det |
| 23 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 forest | amod |
| 24 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 lost | obl |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 had | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | the hunters | nothing | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient | ||||
| 2 | eat | to-infinitive | the hunters not said here | nothing not said here | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | have | past | hunters = hunter | no water | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient | ||||
| 4 | be | past | none | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | lose | past · passive | hunters = hunter | the thick forest | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/51/4/