Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXIII. the Chipmunk’s Black Stripes, sentence 11
He had a big voice and kept chanting: “Always night.
Who acts: bear · What happens: have, keep, chant · To what, where: big voice
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIII. the Chipmunk’s Black Stripes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bear), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 had | nsubj |
| 2 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 voice | det |
| 4 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 voice | amod |
| 5 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 had | obj |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 kept | cc |
| 7 | kept | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 had | conj |
| 8 | chanting | chant | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 kept | xcomp |
| 9 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 12 night | punct |
| 10 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 night | punct |
| 11 | Always | always | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 night | det |
| 12 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 chanting | obl |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 had | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | bear | a big voice | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voice=Patient | ||||
| 2 | keep | past | bear not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | chant | gerund | bear not said here | night | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/58/11/