Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, sentence 1
The Indians made and still make excellent canoes of bark or of logs and even of skins.
Who acts: Indians · What happens: make · To what, where: excellent canoes
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 Indians | det |
| 2 | Indians | Indian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 3 made | nsubj |
| 3 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 make | cc |
| 5 | still | still | ADV | _ | 6 make | advmod |
| 6 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 made | conj |
| 7 | excellent | excellent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 canoes | amod |
| 8 | canoes | canoe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 make | obj |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 bark | case |
| 10 | bark | bark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 canoes | nmod |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 13 logs | cc |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 logs | case |
| 13 | logs | log | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 bark | conj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 skins | cc |
| 15 | even | even | ADV | _ | 17 skins | advmod |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 skins | case |
| 17 | skins | skin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 logs | conj |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 made | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past | the Indians | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | make | present | the Indians not said here | excellent canoes of bark or logs and skins | still | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset canoe=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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