Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXVII. the North Wind’s Defeat, sentence 3
It was by a great lake over which thick ice had come.
Who acts: lodge, thick ice · What happens: be, come · To what, where: great lake
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVII. the North Wind’s Defeat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lodge, thick ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 lake | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 lake | cop |
| 3 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 lake | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 lake | det |
| 5 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 lake | amod |
| 6 | lake | lake | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | over | over | ADP | _ | 8 which | case |
| 8 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 come | obl |
| 9 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 ice | amod |
| 10 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 come | nsubj |
| 11 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 come | aux |
| 12 | come | come | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 lake | acl:relcl |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 lake | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | lodge | by a great lake | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | come | past · perfect | thick ice | a great lake | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme over which=Initial_Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/62/3/