Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXIX. Legend of the Wampum-bird and the Boy, sentence 7
He was believed, for no one dared to tell false things to the chief.
Who acts: one · What happens: believe, dare, tell · To what, where: warrior, false things, chief · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIX. Legend of the Wampum-bird and the Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 believed | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 believed | aux:pass |
| 3 | believed | believe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 dared | punct |
| 5 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 8 dared | mark |
| 6 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 7 one | det |
| 7 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 dared | nsubj |
| 8 | dared | dare | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 believed | conj |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 tell | mark |
| 10 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 dared | xcomp |
| 11 | false | false | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 things | amod |
| 12 | things | thing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 tell | obj |
| 13 | to | to | ADP | _ | 15 chief | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 chief | det |
| 15 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 tell | obl |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 believed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | past · passive | warrior | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||||
| 2 | dare | past | no one | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | tell speech: assert | to-infinitive | no one not said here | false things | the chief | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent thing=Topic to chief=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/64/7/