Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XIII. How Light, Fire, and Water First Came to the World, sentence 2
A long time ago the only place where light could be seen was in the teepee of one old chief.
Who acts: long time · What happens: see, be · To what, where: light, teepee
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIII. How Light, Fire, and Water First Came to the World. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (long time), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 time | det |
| 2 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 time | amod |
| 3 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 teepee | nsubj |
| 4 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 3 time | advmod |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 place | det |
| 6 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 place | amod |
| 7 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 teepee | nsubj |
| 8 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 12 seen | advmod |
| 9 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 seen | nsubj:pass |
| 10 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 seen | aux |
| 11 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 seen | aux:pass |
| 12 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 place | acl:relcl |
| 13 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 teepee | cop |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 teepee | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 teepee | det |
| 16 | teepee | teepee | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 17 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 chief | case |
| 18 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 20 chief | nummod |
| 19 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 chief | amod |
| 20 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 teepee | nmod |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 16 teepee | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | could · passive | light | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||||
| 2 | is | past | a long time | the teepee | of one old chief; the only place nsubj | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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