Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, sentence 56
The higher the little valleys, too, the more bush there is; the gully bottoms are hidden everywhere with many tinted foliage, a taller tree here and there protruding its head above its fellows, and these remnants of the ancient forest climb to the very parapets of dark and grey rock that seem to form the main defences of Kahukura’s citadel.
Who acts: more bush, dark rock · What happens: be, hide, tint, protrude, seem, form · To what, where: gully bottoms, head, main defences, citadel
This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (more bush, dark rock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 higher | det |
| 2 | higher | high | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 13 is | advmod |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 valleys | det |
| 4 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 valleys | amod |
| 5 | valleys | valley | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 higher | nsubj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 too | punct |
| 7 | too | too | ADV | _ | 2 higher | advmod |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 is | punct |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 bush | det |
| 10 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 11 bush | amod |
| 11 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 is | nsubj |
| 12 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 13 is | expl |
| 13 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 hidden | advcl |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 13 is | punct |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 bottoms | det |
| 16 | gully | gully | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 bottoms | compound |
| 17 | bottoms | bottom | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 hidden | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 hidden | aux:pass |
| 19 | hidden | hide | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 20 | everywhere | everywhere | ADV | PronType=Tot | 19 hidden | advmod |
| 21 | with | with | ADP | _ | 24 foliage | case |
| 22 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 foliage | amod |
| 23 | tinted | tint | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 foliage | amod |
| 24 | foliage | foliage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 hidden | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 tree | punct |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 tree | det |
| 27 | taller | tall | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 28 tree | amod |
| 28 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 foliage | appos |
| 29 | here | here | ADV | PronType=Dem | 28 tree | advmod |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 protruding | cc |
| 31 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 32 protruding | advmod |
| 32 | protruding | protrude | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 hidden | conj |
| 33 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 34 head | nmod:poss |
| 34 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 protruding | obj |
| 35 | above | above | ADP | _ | 37 fellows | case |
| 36 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 fellows | nmod:poss |
| 37 | fellows | fellow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 protruding | obl |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 remnants | punct |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 remnants | cc |
| 40 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 41 remnants | det |
| 41 | remnants | remnant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 hidden | conj |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 46 climb | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 climb | det |
| 44 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 climb | amod |
| 45 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 climb | compound |
| 46 | climb | climb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 remnants | nmod |
| 47 | to | to | ADP | _ | 50 parapets | case |
| 48 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 parapets | det |
| 49 | very | very | ADV | _ | 50 parapets | advmod |
| 50 | parapets | parapet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 climb | nmod |
| 51 | of | of | ADP | _ | 55 rock | case |
| 52 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 rock | amod |
| 53 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 54 grey | cc |
| 54 | grey | grey | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 52 dark | conj |
| 55 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 parapets | nmod |
| 56 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 57 seem | nsubj |
| 57 | seem | seem | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 55 rock | acl:relcl |
| 58 | to | to | PART | _ | 59 form | mark |
| 59 | form | form | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 57 seem | xcomp |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 62 defences | det |
| 61 | main | main | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 62 defences | amod |
| 62 | defences | defence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 59 form | obj |
| 63 | of | of | ADP | _ | 66 citadel | case |
| 64 | Kahukura | Kahukura | PROPN | Number=Sing | 66 citadel | nmod:poss |
| 65 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 64 Kahukura | case |
| 66 | citadel | citadel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 defences | nmod |
| 67 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 hidden | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | be | present | the more bush | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | hide | present · passive | the gully bottoms | with many tinted foliage; this remnants of the ancient forest climb to the parapets of dark rock conj; everywhere property | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 3 | tint | participle | vn coloring-24 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | protrude | gerund | valley's head | there | above valley's fellows | vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location head=Theme | |||
| 5 | seem | present | dark rock | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | |||||
| 6 | form | to-infinitive | dark rock not said here | the main defences of Kahukura's citadel | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location defence=Theme | ||||
| 7 | defend | Kahukura's citadel | nom defence «process transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/11/56/