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Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, sentence 56

The higher the little valleys, too, the more bush there is; the gully bottoms are hidden everywhere with many tinted foliage, a taller tree here and there protruding its head above its fellows, and these remnants of the ancient forest climb to the very parapets of dark and grey rock that seem to form the main defences of Kahukura’s citadel.

Who acts: more bush, dark rock · What happens: be, hide, tint, protrude, seem, form · To what, where: gully bottoms, head, main defences, citadel

This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (more bush, dark rock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

detadvmoddetamodnsubjpunctadvmodpunctdetamodnsubjexpladvclpunctdetcompoundnsubj:passaux:passadvmodcaseamodamodoblpunctdetamodapposadvmodccadvmodconjnmod:possobjcasenmod:possoblpunctccdetconjcasedetamodcompoundnmodcasedetadvmodnmodcaseamodccconjnmodnsubjacl:relclmarkxcompdetamodobjcasenmod:posscasenmodpunctrootTheDEThigherADJtheDETlittleADJvalleysNOUN,PUNCTtooADV,PUNCTtheDETmoreADJbushNOUNtherePRONisVERB;PUNCTtheDETgullyNOUNbottomsNOUNareAUXhiddenVERBeverywhereADVwithADPmanyADJtintedVERBfoliageNOUN,PUNCTaDETtallerADJtreeNOUNhereADVandCCONJthereADVprotrudingVERBitsPRONheadNOUNaboveADPitsPRONfellowsNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJtheseDETremnantsNOUNofADPtheDETancientADJforestNOUNclimbNOUNtoADPtheDETveryADVparapetsNOUNofADPdarkADJandCCONJgreyADJrockNOUNthatPRONseemVERBtoPARTformVERBtheDETmainADJdefencesNOUNofADPKahukuraPROPN’sPARTcitadelNOUN.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art2 higherdet
2higherhighADJDegree=Cmp13 isadvmod
3thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art5 valleysdet
4littlelittleADJDegree=Pos5 valleysamod
5valleysvalleyNOUNNumber=Plur2 highernsubj
6,,PUNCT_7 toopunct
7tootooADV_2 higheradvmod
8,,PUNCT_13 ispunct
9thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art11 bushdet
10moremoreADJDegree=Cmp11 bushamod
11bushbushNOUNNumber=Sing13 isnsubj
12theretherePRONPronType=Dem13 isexpl
13isbeVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin19 hiddenadvcl
14;;PUNCT_13 ispunct
15thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art17 bottomsdet
16gullygullyNOUNNumber=Sing17 bottomscompound
17bottomsbottomNOUNNumber=Plur19 hiddennsubj:pass
18arebeAUXMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin19 hiddenaux:pass
19hiddenhideVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Passrootroot
20everywhereeverywhereADVPronType=Tot19 hiddenadvmod
21withwithADP_24 foliagecase
22manymanyADJDegree=Pos24 foliageamod
23tintedtintVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass24 foliageamod
24foliagefoliageNOUNNumber=Sing19 hiddenobl
25,,PUNCT_28 treepunct
26aaDETDefinite=Ind PronType=Art28 treedet
27tallertallADJDegree=Cmp28 treeamod
28treetreeNOUNNumber=Sing24 foliageappos
29herehereADVPronType=Dem28 treeadvmod
30andandCCONJ_32 protrudingcc
31therethereADVPronType=Dem32 protrudingadvmod
32protrudingprotrudeVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part19 hiddenconj
33itsitsPRONCase=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs34 headnmod:poss
34headheadNOUNNumber=Sing32 protrudingobj
35aboveaboveADP_37 fellowscase
36itsitsPRONCase=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs37 fellowsnmod:poss
37fellowsfellowNOUNNumber=Plur32 protrudingobl
38,,PUNCT_41 remnantspunct
39andandCCONJ_41 remnantscc
40thesethisDETNumber=Plur PronType=Dem41 remnantsdet
41remnantsremnantNOUNNumber=Plur19 hiddenconj
42ofofADP_46 climbcase
43thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art46 climbdet
44ancientancientADJDegree=Pos46 climbamod
45forestforestNOUNNumber=Sing46 climbcompound
46climbclimbNOUNNumber=Sing41 remnantsnmod
47totoADP_50 parapetscase
48thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art50 parapetsdet
49veryveryADV_50 parapetsadvmod
50parapetsparapetNOUNNumber=Plur46 climbnmod
51ofofADP_55 rockcase
52darkdarkADJDegree=Pos55 rockamod
53andandCCONJ_54 greycc
54greygreyADJDegree=Pos52 darkconj
55rockrockNOUNNumber=Sing50 parapetsnmod
56thatthatPRONPronType=Rel57 seemnsubj
57seemseemVERBMood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin55 rockacl:relcl
58totoPART_59 formmark
59formformVERBVerbForm=Inf57 seemxcomp
60thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art62 defencesdet
61mainmainADJDegree=Pos62 defencesamod
62defencesdefenceNOUNNumber=Plur59 formobj
63ofofADP_66 citadelcase
64KahukuraKahukuraPROPNNumber=Sing66 citadelnmod:poss
65’s'sPART_64 Kahukuracase
66citadelcitadelNOUNNumber=Sing62 defencesnmod
67..PUNCT_19 hiddenpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1bepresentthe more bushtherevn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2hidepresent · passivethe gully bottomswith many tinted foliage; this remnants of the ancient forest climb to the parapets of dark rock conj; everywhere propertyvn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
3tintparticiplevn coloring-24 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4protrudegerundvalley's headthereabove valley's fellowsvn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location head=Theme
5seempresentdark rockvn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute
6formto-infinitivedark rock not said herethe main defences of Kahukura's citadelvn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location defence=Theme
7defendKahukura's citadelnom defence «process transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/11/56/