The grateful elephant, Opening, part 14, sentence 155
When the Exalted One returned to Sāvatthi and learned what had happened, he said to those backsliders: “Laymen, in former times also men mistook for a refuge what was no refuge at all, grasped with the grasp of reason, with the grasp of contradiction, and in a wilderness haunted by demons came to a sorry end, becoming the food of ogres.
Who acts: Exalted One, Sāvatthi, Laymen, refuge · What happens: exalt, return, learn, happen, say, mistake · To what, where: Sāvatthi, backsliders, refuge, all, wilderness, food · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Exalted One, Sāvatthi, Laymen, refuge), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 5 returned | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 One | det |
| 3 | Exalted | exalt | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 One | amod |
| 4 | One | One | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 returned | nsubj |
| 5 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 said | advcl |
| 6 | to | to | ADP | _ | 7 Sāvatthi | case |
| 7 | Sāvatthi | Sāvatthi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 returned | obl |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 learned | cc |
| 9 | learned | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 returned | conj |
| 10 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 12 happened | nsubj |
| 11 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 happened | aux |
| 12 | happened | happen | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 learned | ccomp |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 returned | punct |
| 14 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 said | nsubj |
| 15 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 16 | to | to | ADP | _ | 18 backsliders | case |
| 17 | those | that | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 18 backsliders | det |
| 18 | backsliders | backslider | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 said | obl |
| 19 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 21 Laymen | punct |
| 20 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 21 Laymen | punct |
| 21 | Laymen | layman | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 mistook | nsubj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 times | punct |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 times | case |
| 24 | former | former | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 times | amod |
| 25 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 mistook | obl:unmarked |
| 26 | also | also | ADV | _ | 28 mistook | advmod |
| 27 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 mistook | nsubj |
| 28 | mistook | mistake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 said | conj |
| 29 | for | for | ADP | _ | 31 refuge | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 refuge | det |
| 31 | refuge | refuge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 mistook | obl |
| 32 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 35 refuge | nsubj |
| 33 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 refuge | cop |
| 34 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 35 refuge | det |
| 35 | refuge | refuge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 refuge | nmod |
| 36 | at | at | ADP | _ | 37 all | case |
| 37 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 35 refuge | nmod |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 grasped | punct |
| 39 | grasped | grasp | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 35 refuge | acl |
| 40 | with | with | ADP | _ | 42 grasp | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 grasp | det |
| 42 | grasp | grasp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 grasped | obl |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 reason | case |
| 44 | reason | reason | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 grasp | nmod |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 grasp | punct |
| 46 | with | with | ADP | _ | 48 grasp | case |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 48 grasp | det |
| 48 | grasp | grasp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 mistook | obl |
| 49 | of | of | ADP | _ | 50 contradiction | case |
| 50 | contradiction | contradiction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 grasp | nmod |
| 51 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 came | punct |
| 52 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 59 came | cc |
| 53 | in | in | ADP | _ | 55 wilderness | case |
| 54 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 55 wilderness | det |
| 55 | wilderness | wilderness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 came | obl |
| 56 | haunted | haunt | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 55 wilderness | acl |
| 57 | by | by | ADP | _ | 58 demons | case |
| 58 | demons | demon | NOUN | Number=Plur | 56 haunted | obl |
| 59 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 said | conj |
| 60 | to | to | ADP | _ | 63 end | case |
| 61 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 63 end | det |
| 62 | sorry | sorry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 63 end | amod |
| 63 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 came | obl |
| 64 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 65 becoming | punct |
| 65 | becoming | become | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 59 came | advcl |
| 66 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 food | det |
| 67 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 65 becoming | obj |
| 68 | of | of | ADP | _ | 69 ogres | case |
| 69 | ogres | ogre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 67 food | nmod |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 said | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | exalt | participle | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 2 | return | past | the Exalted One | Sāvatthi | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to sāvatthi=Result | ||||
| 3 | learn | past | the Exalted One not said here | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 4 | happen | past · perfect | what nsubj | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | say speech: assert | past | Sāvatthi | that backsliders | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to backslider=Recipient | ||||
| 6 | mistake in a quote | past | Laymen | time | for a refuge; with the grasp of contradiction; men nsubj | tree rules | |||
| 7 | is a in a quote | past | a refuge | no refuge | all | tree rules | |||
| 8 | grasp in a quote | participle | no refuge not said here | with the grasp of reason | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with grasp=Instrument | ||||
| 9 | haunt in a quote | participle | a wilderness not said here | by demons | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 10 | come in a quote | past | Sāvatthi not said here | a wilderness | to a sorry end | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to end=Initial_Location | |||
| 11 | become in a quote | gerund | Sāvatthi not said here | the food of ogres | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Patient food=Result | ||||
| 12 | grasp in a quote | reason | nom grasp «cognition transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 13 | grasp in a quote | contradiction | nom grasp «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg74064/14/155/