Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains, Legends and Tales., part 10, sentence 110
The silence of death reigned; only now and then the dark wings of some nocturnal bird of prey fluttered over his head, and a ghostly rustling was heard among the dry underbrush; the stars seemed like silent, cold eyes looking down on the weary man and horses, the clouds scudded silently past, and the snow, too, was silent as a spirit.
Who acts: stars, silent cold eyes, clouds, snow · What happens: reign, flutter, hear, seem, look down, scud · To what, where: silence, prey, head, ghostly rustling, death
This is a sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Legends and Tales., part 10. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stars, silent cold eyes, clouds, snow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 silence | det |
| 2 | silence | silence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 reigned | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 death | case |
| 4 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 silence | nmod |
| 5 | reigned | reign | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 8 now | punct |
| 7 | only | only | ADV | _ | 8 now | advmod |
| 8 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 5 reigned | advmod |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 wings | cc |
| 10 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 13 wings | advmod |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 wings | det |
| 12 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 wings | amod |
| 13 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 now | conj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 bird | case |
| 15 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 17 bird | det |
| 16 | nocturnal | nocturnal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 bird | amod |
| 17 | bird | bird | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 wings | nmod |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 prey | case |
| 19 | prey | prey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 bird | nmod |
| 20 | fluttered | flutter | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 prey | acl |
| 21 | over | over | ADP | _ | 23 head | case |
| 22 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 head | nmod:poss |
| 23 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fluttered | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 heard | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 heard | cc |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 rustling | det |
| 27 | ghostly | ghostly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 rustling | amod |
| 28 | rustling | rustling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 heard | nsubj |
| 29 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 heard | aux:pass |
| 30 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 reigned | conj |
| 31 | among | among | ADP | _ | 34 underbrush | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 underbrush | det |
| 33 | dry | dry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 underbrush | amod |
| 34 | underbrush | underbrush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 heard | obl |
| 35 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 seemed | punct |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 stars | det |
| 37 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 seemed | nsubj |
| 38 | seemed | seem | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 reigned | parataxis |
| 39 | like | like | ADP | _ | 43 eyes | case |
| 40 | silent | silent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 eyes | amod |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 silent | punct |
| 42 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 eyes | amod |
| 43 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 seemed | obl |
| 44 | looking | look | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 43 eyes | acl |
| 45 | down | down | ADV | _ | 44 looking | advmod |
| 46 | on | on | ADP | _ | 49 man | case |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 man | det |
| 48 | weary | weary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 49 man | amod |
| 49 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 looking | obl |
| 50 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 51 horses | cc |
| 51 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 49 man | conj |
| 52 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 55 scudded | punct |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 54 clouds | det |
| 54 | clouds | cloud | NOUN | Number=Plur | 55 scudded | nsubj |
| 55 | scudded | scud | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 seemed | conj |
| 56 | silently | silently | ADV | _ | 57 past | advmod |
| 57 | past | past | ADV | _ | 55 scudded | advmod |
| 58 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 snow | punct |
| 59 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 61 snow | cc |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 61 snow | det |
| 61 | snow | snow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 silent | nsubj |
| 62 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 too | punct |
| 63 | too | too | ADV | _ | 61 snow | advmod |
| 64 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 snow | punct |
| 65 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 66 silent | cop |
| 66 | silent | silent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 scudded | parataxis |
| 67 | as | as | ADP | _ | 69 spirit | case |
| 68 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 69 spirit | det |
| 69 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 silent | obl |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 reigned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reign | participle · passive | the silence of death | now; then | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | flutter | participle | prey not said here | bird's head | vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over head=Location | ||||
| 3 | hear | past · passive | a ghostly rustling | among the dry underbrush | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | seem | past | the stars | like silent cold eyes | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | look down | gerund | silent cold eyes not said here | on the weary man and horses; down property | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on man=Theme | ||||
| 6 | scud | past | the clouds | past property | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 7 | is | past | the snow | as a spirit; silent property | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | silence | death | nom silence «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Project Gutenberg book 74323 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg74323/11/110/