Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains, Legends and Tales., part 4, sentence 25
Nearest related to the frog stands the Labyrinthodonten, whose hand-like foot-tracks have been found in the sandstone, and which is decidedly the transition between these animals and the higher species of the ape; and from the ape, during impossible-to-comprehend ages, man has sprung, at first rough and animal, as we see to-day in savage races, from step to step unfolding and rising, till we have the Mensch of our present civilization and refinement."
Who acts: Labyrinthodonten, man, we · What happens: stand, find, be, comprehend, spring, see · To what, where: Labyrinthodonten, ape, like foot tracks, sandstone, transition, ages
This is a sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Legends and Tales., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Labyrinthodonten, man, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nearest | near | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 2 related | amod |
| 2 | related | related | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 stands | advcl |
| 3 | to | to | ADP | _ | 5 frog | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 frog | det |
| 5 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 stands | obl |
| 6 | stands | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 Labyrinthodonten | det |
| 8 | Labyrinthodonten | Labyrinthodonten | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 stands | obj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 found | punct |
| 10 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 16 tracks | nmod:poss |
| 11 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 like | compound |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 11 hand | punct |
| 13 | like | like | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 tracks | amod |
| 14 | foot | foot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 tracks | compound |
| 15 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 14 foot | punct |
| 16 | tracks | track | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 found | nsubj:pass |
| 17 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 found | aux |
| 18 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 19 found | aux:pass |
| 19 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 Labyrinthodonten | acl:relcl |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 22 sandstone | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 sandstone | det |
| 22 | sandstone | sandstone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 found | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 transition | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 transition | cc |
| 25 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 transition | nsubj |
| 26 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 29 transition | cop |
| 27 | decidedly | decidedly | ADV | _ | 29 transition | advmod |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 transition | det |
| 29 | transition | transition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 Labyrinthodonten | appos |
| 30 | between | between | ADP | _ | 32 animals | case |
| 31 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 32 animals | det |
| 32 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 transition | nmod |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 species | cc |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 species | det |
| 35 | higher | high | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 36 species | amod |
| 36 | species | species | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 animals | conj |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 ape | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 ape | det |
| 39 | ape | ape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 species | nmod |
| 40 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 44 ape | punct |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 ape | cc |
| 42 | from | from | ADP | _ | 44 ape | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 ape | det |
| 44 | ape | ape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 stands | obl |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 impossible | punct |
| 46 | during | during | ADP | _ | 47 impossible | case |
| 47 | impossible | impossible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 ape | amod |
| 48 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 51 comprehend | punct |
| 49 | to | to | ADP | _ | 51 comprehend | case |
| 50 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 49 to | punct |
| 51 | comprehend | comprehend | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 47 impossible | parataxis |
| 52 | ages | age | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 comprehend | obj |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 56 sprung | punct |
| 54 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 56 sprung | nsubj |
| 55 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 56 sprung | aux |
| 56 | sprung | spring | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 51 comprehend | conj |
| 57 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 60 rough | punct |
| 58 | at | at | ADP | _ | 60 rough | case |
| 59 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 60 rough | advmod |
| 60 | rough | rough | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 56 sprung | parataxis |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 62 animal | cc |
| 62 | animal | animal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 rough | conj |
| 63 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 66 see | punct |
| 64 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 66 see | mark |
| 65 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 66 see | nsubj |
| 66 | see | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 56 sprung | parataxis |
| 67 | to | to | ADP | _ | 69 day | case |
| 68 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 67 to | punct |
| 69 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 see | obl |
| 70 | in | in | ADP | _ | 72 races | case |
| 71 | savage | savage | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 72 races | amod |
| 72 | races | race | NOUN | Number=Plur | 66 see | obl |
| 73 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 75 step | punct |
| 74 | from | from | ADP | _ | 75 step | case |
| 75 | step | step | NOUN | Number=Sing | 72 races | conj |
| 76 | to | to | PART | _ | 77 step | mark |
| 77 | step | step | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 75 step | acl |
| 78 | unfolding | unfolding | NOUN | Number=Sing | 77 step | obj |
| 79 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 80 rising | cc |
| 80 | rising | rise | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 78 unfolding | conj |
| 81 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 84 have | punct |
| 82 | till | till | SCONJ | _ | 84 have | mark |
| 83 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 84 have | nsubj |
| 84 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 66 see | conj |
| 85 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 86 Mensch | det |
| 86 | Mensch | Mensch | PROPN | Number=Sing | 84 have | obj |
| 87 | of | of | ADP | _ | 90 civilization | case |
| 88 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 90 civilization | nmod:poss |
| 89 | present | present | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 90 civilization | amod |
| 90 | civilization | civilization | NOUN | Number=Sing | 86 Mensch | nmod |
| 91 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 92 refinement | cc |
| 92 | refinement | refinement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 90 civilization | conj |
| 93 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 47 impossible | punct |
| 94 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 44 ape | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | stand | present | the Labyrinthodonten | the ape | to the frog | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer labyrinthodonten=Stimulus | |||
| 2 | find | present · perfect · passive | like foot tracks | the sandstone | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | ||||
| 3 | is a | present | the Labyrinthodonten | the transition | between this animals and the higher species of the ape; decidedly property | tree rules | |||
| 4 | comprehend | infinitive | ages | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer age=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | spring | present · perfect | man | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | see | present | we | savage races and step | day | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||
| 7 | step | to-infinitive | we not said here | unfolding | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location unfolding=Theme | ||||
| 8 | rise | gerund | we not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 9 | have | present | we | the Mensch of our present civilization and refinement | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mensch=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Project Gutenberg book 74323 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg74323/5/25/