Folk tales from Tibet, The Hare and the Lions., sentence 31
It happened that near by there was a thick wall standing, which was part of the remains of a ruined castle; and in one portion of the wall there was a hole, very large at one end and tapering down to quite a small opening at the other.
Who acts: It, thick wall, hole · What happens: happen, be, stand, ruin, taper down · To what, where: part, one portion
This is a sentence of «Folk tales from Tibet» by William Frederick Travers, Sir O'Connor, The Hare and the Lions.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (It, thick wall, hole), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 happened | nsubj |
| 2 | happened | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 4 near | mark |
| 4 | near | near | ADV | _ | 2 happened | advcl |
| 5 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 7 was | mark |
| 6 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 7 was | expl |
| 7 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 happened | parataxis |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 wall | det |
| 9 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 wall | amod |
| 10 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 was | nsubj |
| 11 | standing | stand | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 10 wall | acl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 part | punct |
| 13 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 part | nsubj |
| 14 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 part | cop |
| 15 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 standing | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 remains | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 remains | det |
| 18 | remains | remains | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 15 part | nmod |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 castle | case |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 castle | det |
| 21 | ruined | ruin | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 22 castle | amod |
| 22 | castle | castle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 remains | nmod |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 32 was | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 was | cc |
| 25 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 portion | case |
| 26 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 27 portion | nummod |
| 27 | portion | portion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 was | obl |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 wall | case |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 wall | det |
| 30 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 portion | nmod |
| 31 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 32 was | expl |
| 32 | was | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 happened | parataxis |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 hole | det |
| 34 | hole | hole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 was | nsubj |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 large | punct |
| 36 | very | very | ADV | _ | 37 large | advmod |
| 37 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 hole | amod |
| 38 | at | at | ADP | _ | 40 end | case |
| 39 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 40 end | nummod |
| 40 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 large | obl |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 tapering | cc |
| 42 | tapering | taper | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 large | conj |
| 43 | down | down | ADV | _ | 42 tapering | advmod |
| 44 | to | to | ADP | _ | 48 opening | case |
| 45 | quite | quite | DET | PronType=Ind | 48 opening | det:predet |
| 46 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 48 opening | det |
| 47 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 48 opening | amod |
| 48 | opening | opening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 tapering | obl |
| 49 | at | at | ADP | _ | 51 other | case |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 other | det |
| 51 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 48 opening | nmod |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 happened | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | happen | past | It | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | be | past | a thick wall | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | stand | gerund | a thick wall not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | is a | past | part | of the remains of a ruined castle; which nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | ruin | participle | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | be | past | a hole | one portion of the wall; there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in portion=Location | ||||
| 7 | taper down | gerund | a hole not said here | to quite small opening at the other; down property | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Folk tales from Tibet» by William Frederick Travers, Sir O'Connor, Project Gutenberg book 75000 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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