Gleanings from Chinese folklore, A Tartar Joan of Arc, sentence 9
She knew their mountains, all the paths leading up and down, the places which needed to be guarded, the caves where she and her soldiers could hide and spring out upon an unsuspecting foe.
Who acts: Ting, paths, places · What happens: know, lead, need, guard, hide, spring out · To what, where: mountains, caves, unsuspecting foe
This is a sentence of «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, A Tartar Joan of Arc. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ting, paths, places), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | She | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 knew | nsubj |
| 2 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 4 mountains | nmod:poss |
| 4 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 knew | obj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 paths | punct |
| 6 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 8 paths | det:predet |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 paths | det |
| 8 | paths | path | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 mountains | conj |
| 9 | leading | lead | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 paths | acl |
| 10 | up | up | ADV | _ | 9 leading | advmod |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 down | cc |
| 12 | down | down | ADV | _ | 10 up | conj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 places | punct |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 places | det |
| 15 | places | place | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 mountains | conj |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 needed | nsubj |
| 17 | needed | need | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 places | acl:relcl |
| 18 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 guarded | mark |
| 19 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 20 guarded | aux:pass |
| 20 | guarded | guard | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 needed | xcomp |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 caves | punct |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 caves | det |
| 23 | caves | cave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 hide | obl |
| 24 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 30 hide | advmod |
| 25 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 hide | nsubj |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 soldiers | cc |
| 27 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 28 soldiers | nmod:poss |
| 28 | soldiers | soldier | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 she | conj |
| 29 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 30 hide | aux |
| 30 | hide | hide | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 knew | conj |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 spring | cc |
| 32 | spring | spring | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 hide | conj |
| 33 | out | out | ADP | _ | 32 spring | compound:prt |
| 34 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 37 foe | case |
| 35 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 foe | det |
| 36 | unsuspecting | unsuspect | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 37 foe | amod |
| 37 | foe | foe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 spring | obl |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 knew | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | know | past | Ting | men's mountains and all paths and the places | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer mountain=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | lead | gerund | all paths not said here | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition | |||||
| 3 | need | past | the places | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 4 | guard not said to happen | to-infinitive · passive | the places not said here | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S_ING» | |||||
| 5 | hide | could | Ting | the caves | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 6 | spring out | infinitive | Ting not said here | a unsuspecting foe | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon foe=Trajectory | ||||
| 7 | unsuspect | gerund | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, Project Gutenberg book 75089 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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