Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the End of Balan the Admiral, sentence 30
When they were in this strait the Duke Naymes, going to an upper window in the Tower, saw the ensign of St. Denis in the valley beneath, and called to his fellows that they also should come and see it, "for," said he, "without doubt the King is coming to help us."
Who acts: Saracens, Duke Naymes, Naymes, King · What happens: be, go, see, call, come, say · To what, where: strait, upper window, ensign, valley, fellows, us · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the End of Balan the Admiral. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Saracens, Duke Naymes, Naymes, King), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 6 strait | advmod |
| 2 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 strait | nsubj |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 strait | cop |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 strait | case |
| 5 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 6 strait | det |
| 6 | strait | strait | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 saw | obl |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 Naymes | det |
| 8 | Duke | Duke | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 Naymes | compound |
| 9 | Naymes | Naymes | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 saw | nsubj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 going | punct |
| 11 | going | go | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 9 Naymes | acl |
| 12 | to | to | ADP | _ | 15 window | case |
| 13 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 window | det |
| 14 | upper | upper | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 window | amod |
| 15 | window | window | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 going | obl |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 Tower | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 Tower | det |
| 18 | Tower | Tower | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 window | nmod |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 saw | punct |
| 20 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 ensign | det |
| 22 | ensign | ensign | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 saw | obj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Denis | case |
| 24 | St. | St. | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Denis | nmod:desc |
| 25 | Denis | Denis | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 ensign | nmod |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 valley | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 valley | det |
| 28 | valley | valley | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 saw | obl |
| 29 | beneath | beneath | ADV | _ | 20 saw | advmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 called | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 called | cc |
| 32 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 saw | conj |
| 33 | to | to | ADP | _ | 35 fellows | case |
| 34 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 35 fellows | nmod:poss |
| 35 | fellows | fellow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 called | obl |
| 36 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 40 come | mark |
| 37 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 come | nsubj |
| 38 | also | also | ADV | _ | 40 come | advmod |
| 39 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 40 come | aux |
| 40 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 called | advcl |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 see | cc |
| 42 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 come | conj |
| 43 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 42 see | obj |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 come | punct |
| 45 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 come | punct |
| 46 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 49 said | mark |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 for | punct |
| 48 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 46 for | punct |
| 49 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 40 come | advcl |
| 50 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 49 said | nsubj |
| 51 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 he | punct |
| 52 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 50 he | punct |
| 53 | without | without | ADP | _ | 54 doubt | case |
| 54 | doubt | doubt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 coming | obl |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 56 King | det |
| 56 | King | King | PROPN | Number=Sing | 58 coming | nsubj |
| 57 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 58 coming | aux |
| 58 | coming | come | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 49 said | ccomp |
| 59 | to | to | PART | _ | 60 help | mark |
| 60 | help | help | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 58 coming | advcl |
| 61 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 60 help | obj |
| 62 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 20 saw | punct |
| 63 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | Saracens = saracen | this strait | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | go | gerund | the Duke Naymes not said here | a upper window in the Tower | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to window=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | see | past | the Duke Naymes | the ensign of Denis St. | the valley | beneath property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer ensign=Stimulus | ||
| 4 | call | participle | the Duke Naymes not said here | Naymes's fellows | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to fellow=Recipient | ||||
| 5 | come | should | Saracens = saracen | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | see | infinitive | Saracens = saracen not said here | ensign | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus | ||||
| 7 | say speech: assert | past | Naymes | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 8 | come in a quote | present · progressive | the King | without doubt | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 9 | help in a quote | to-infinitive | the King not said here | us | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/26/30/