Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How the Heathen and the French Prepared For Battle, sentence 2
He cried to Roland his companion, "I hear a great sound of men coming by way of Spain, and I see the flashing of arms.
Who acts: Oliver, men, arms · What happens: cry, hear, come, see, flash · To what, where: companion, Roland, great sound, flashing · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Heathen and the French Prepared For Battle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oliver, men, arms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 cried | nsubj |
| 2 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | to | to | ADP | _ | 4 Roland | case |
| 4 | Roland | Roland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 cried | obl |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 companion | nmod:poss |
| 6 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 cried | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 hear | punct |
| 8 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 hear | punct |
| 9 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 10 hear | nsubj |
| 10 | hear | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 cried | parataxis |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 sound | det |
| 12 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 sound | amod |
| 13 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 hear | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 men | case |
| 15 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 sound | nmod |
| 16 | coming | come | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 15 men | acl |
| 17 | by | by | ADP | _ | 18 way | case |
| 18 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 coming | obl |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 Spain | case |
| 20 | Spain | Spain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 way | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 see | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 see | cc |
| 23 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 24 see | nsubj |
| 24 | see | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 hear | conj |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 flashing | det |
| 26 | flashing | flashing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 see | obj |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 28 arms | case |
| 28 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 flashing | nmod |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 cried | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cry speech: express | past | Oliver | Oliver's companion | Roland | tree rules | |||
| 2 | hear in a quote | present | Oliver | a great sound of men | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer sound=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | come in a quote | gerund | men not said here | by way of Spain | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by way=Location | ||||
| 4 | see in a quote | present | Oliver | the flashing of arms | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer flashing=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | flash in a quote | arms | nom flashing «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/30/2/