Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, The Coming of Roland, sentence 45
When the men were near, the Duke said to them, "Who are you?"
Who acts: men, Duke, Naymes · What happens: be, say · To what, where: Naymes · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, The Coming of Roland. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (men, Duke, Naymes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 5 near | advmod |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 men | det |
| 3 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 near | nsubj |
| 4 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 near | cop |
| 5 | near | near | ADV | _ | 9 said | advmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 near | punct |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 Duke | det |
| 8 | Duke | Duke | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 said | nsubj |
| 9 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | to | to | ADP | _ | 11 them | case |
| 11 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 said | obl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 Who | punct |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 Who | punct |
| 14 | Who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 9 said | parataxis |
| 15 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 Who | cop |
| 16 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 14 Who | nsubj |
| 17 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 14 Who | punct |
| 18 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 Who | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | the men | near property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | say speech: ask | past | the Duke | Naymes | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to they=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | is a in a quote | present | Naymes | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/6/45/